Configurations A. Hyper-Pure Germanium (HPGe) detector fabrication [4] HPGe crystal were first developed in the mid 1970s. HPGe. The simulation results indicated a 9.16% energy resolution for the HPGe detector wherein the FWHM of the energy resolution for the HPGe detector was about 1/3rd of the other inorganic detectors. indicated a 9.16% energy resolution for the HPGe detector wherein the FWHM of the energy resolution for the HPGe detector was about 1/3rd of the other inorganic detectors. FIG. Besides energy resolution, two types of detectors also differ considerably in active area A; it is common that scintillator detectors often characterize much larger active area than HPGe detectors. @article{osti_6939297, title = {Time characteristics of spectrometer with scintillation and planar detectors based on high-purity germanium}, author = {Morozov, V A}, abstractNote = {To study the time properties of wide-aperture detectors of high-purity germanium (HPGe), the authors built a coincidence spectrometer; one channel used a scintillation detector while the other used a semiconductor . Fig 1: Comparison of the spectrum of 60Co between a NaI detector and a HPGe detector; When 60Co disintegrates emission of gamma radiation with 1173 keV and 1332 keV follows and as can be seen above the difference between the two detectors are quite large. depends upon the detector, so noticeable differences between the three MCAs were not expected. Inter-comparison exercise is an important tool for external quality control that enables determination . The Si(Li) detectors have an energy resolution of about 150-200 eV at 5.9 keV and . The major drawback of HPGe detectors is that they must be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures. NaI(TI) and HPGe detectors. Keywords High purity germanium, , energy resolution, efficiency, FWHM References It is much easier to identify the peaks with a Ge-detector than with a NaI- detector and . Consequently, the detailed results should be . Each of the S levels is subdivided into a series of levels with much finer structure (corresponding to the vibrational states of the molecule). Large Planar 26% P-Type HPGe RC 6 8.8 1.2 NaI 3x3 inch RC 1 1 1 . The main purpose of this work is to understand the characteristic differences between these two detectors in terms of energy calibration, energy resolution and efficiency. This makes HPGe detector more expensive to purchase and to maintain than NaI (TI) [10]. The difference between the photoelectric and the Compton . NaI (Tl) detector at 1.33 MeV. Fig. Fig 1: Comparison of the spectrum of 60Co between a NaI detector and a HPGe detector; When 60Co disintegrates emission of gamma radiation with 1173 keV and 1332 keV follows and as can be seen above the difference between the two detectors are quite large. For a sensitivity calculation performed using the characteristic fast neutron response peak that occurs at 692 keV, the 140% germanium detector system exhibited a sensitivity of ~175 counts / kg of WGPumetal in 1000 seconds at a source-detector distance of 1 meter with 4 in. In thi s pap er, two t ypes o f detectors were used, NaI (TI) and H PGe detectors. The typical spacing is 0.15 eV. Answer: The main advantage of NaI(Tl) over HPGe is its efficiency. Because germanium has relatively low band gap, these detectors must be cooled in order to reduce the thermal generation of charge carriers to an acceptable level. Finally, the HPIC is also sensitive to cosmic and terrestrial radiation. Gamma rays detectors. The optimum configuration for the array was selected to maximize P/C ratio and minimize the noises and Compton continuum that produced at higher . 3 in. Some absorbers were placed closer to the detector, some closer to the source. The main difference in the results obtained is that the resolution of the HPGe detector is much better than that of a NaI detector. GS1 HPGe detector characterized as Canberra product (GC 2018 model) and GS2 detector is anOrtec product (GEM25-25-76-LB-C).The two HPGe detectors, haverelative efficiency 20% and 25%, energy resolution 1.8 keV and 1.85 keV, built-in preamplifier, is operated under high supplied voltage 3.0 kV and 4.0 kV respectively. related the efficiency calculation for HPGe detector is given in Table 3. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. 2. Also, in building and enhancing materials such as medical plants, building purposes, some vegetables and fruits commonly used in markets and soil. In a parallel fashion, the development of Silicon Lithium-1 Table 7.1. According to the manufacturer's datasheets, it has an energy resolution of 0.850 keV at 122 keV, 1.8 keV at 1.3 MeV and a relative efficiency of 25% relative to a 3 3 in. The NaI(Tl) detectors, as mentioned above, they measure the cosmic and inherent component with <3 nSv h 1. The efficiency of such detectors, quoted in the list of specifications by the manufacturer, frequently refers to the relative full-energy peak efficiency, related to the absolute full-energy peak efficiency of a 7.6 cm x 7.6 cm (diameter x height) NaI (Tl) crystal, based on the 1.33 MeV peak of a "6"0Co source positioned 25 cm from the detector. High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors typically have higher sensitivity. Energie [keV]. The difference between the two techniques was less than 1% for 232 Th and 40 K, while it was within 15% for 226 Ra, . HPGe detectors have a 20-30 times improvement in resolution as compared to that of Sodium Iodide (NaI) detectors. The kinetic energy of the photoelectron is given by the difference of energy of the incoming photon and the binding energy of the electron in the atom. Conclusion: The experimental measurements and MC simulations of the HPGe detector exhibited close agreement in high-energy resolution estimation of the X-ray spectrum. View gammadetectors-converted.pdf from AA 1Gamma rays detectors BGO crystals from Novosibirsk 1) Comparative characteristics of detectors 2) Scintillation detectors 3) Semiconductor detectors 4) 7: Monte Carlo simulation of the energy deposition in the rst detector with HPGe as the second detector at an angle 24:4o. N-type HPGe crystal geometries. HPGe detector (100 cm 3) for a point source at 12 cm between 10 and 1500 keV (linear scale) Energy (keV) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Efficiency (%) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Experimental efficiency calibration of a HPGe detector (100 cm 3) for a point source at 12 cm between 10 and 1500 keV (logarithmic scale) Energy (keV) 10 . A LaBr detector is generally preferable to a NaI detector. One of the consequences of list-mode data file offline processing is a reconstructed spectrum with Compton continuum suppression and without any full-energy . It means that, HPGe is efficient in detecting nuclides with lower energy but not nuclides at higher energy. The absorbers were placed between the source and the detector. (HPIC and HPGe). In this study, we used a coaxial HPGe detector made by the company formerly known as Canberra. Figure 2 shows the detector positions in all experiments. HPGe detector having 7% efficiency and Silena EMCA PLUS acquisition software. The resolution of HPGe detector (GC2018, diameter 60.5 mm and length 31.5 mm) is better than NaI (Tl) detector (ORTEC 905-3, size 2'' 2'') and efficiency of NaI (Tl) is larger than HPGe detector.. Three detector combinations were testeda single 123% HPGe detector, single 4l NaI (Tl) detector and a 123% HPGe with 2x4l NaI (Tl) detector combinationwith and without angular efficiency variations for each combination resulting in six different variants of the Bayesian algorithm. Scintillation occurs in the scintillator, which is a key part of a scintillation detector. Uranium (4.46%), was in shielded array where the difference between using single HPGe detector and shielded array was 17.54 %. The study demonstrates the advantages of an innovative list-mode multispectral data acquisition system that allows simultaneous creation of several different single, summed, coincident and anticoincident spectra with a single measurement. This is constituted by 10 detectors that are located just above the objective organs in order to improve the identification of nuclides. On average, the active area for the studies employing NaI-CsI detectors is 4.4 10 4 mm 2 while that for HPGe detectors is 2.8 10 4 mm 2. This should be established for the particular detector in use to know about its limitations and also to monitor performance with time. We report a new high-precision lifetime measurement of the first excited 5/2 + state of 133 Cs using NaI(Tl) and LaBr 3 (Ce) detectors. HPGe detectors have 20-30 times better resolution than NaI detectors. Uranium (4.46%), was in shielded array where the difference between using single HPGe detector and shielded array was 17.54 %. Fig. The HPGe detector was constructed by joint efforts of the Kavli IPMU (Tokyo University) and RCNS (Tohoku University) research . Both NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors were used to measure the spectrum from 60Co and 137Cs sources. So, there are many instruments used such as HPGe detector, NaI (TI) detector, CR-39, a dosimeter, and SSNDT detector. 1. As expected the HpGe detector has very good resolution and the NaI is poorer but extremely stable. In this paper the absolute efficiency, peak to valley ratio, and energy resolution of a NaI (Tl) detector were determined experimentally for 511, 662, 835, 1173, 1275, and 1332 keV photon energies obtained from 22 Na, 54 Mn, 60 Co, and . NaI (Tl) detector at 1.33 MeV. For small-sized HpGe detectors, the resolution is about 160 eV at 5-9 keV {ORTEC 6 mm$ x 5"2 mm), while for large volume detectors (ORTEC 36 mm~b . According to the manufacturer's datasheets, it has an energy resolution of 0.850 keV at 122 keV, 1.8 keV at 1.3 MeV and a relative efficiency of 25% relative to a 3 3 in. The X-ray spectra estimated from the various source energies exhibited a good agreement between It is much easier to identify the peaks with a Ge-detector than with a NaI- detector and . The difference in the solubility between 100 . The determination of the efficiencies using the HPGe detectors is similar to that of the 2"x 2" NaI detector. The x-ray spectra estimated from the various source energies exhibited a good agreement between experimental and simulation results with a maximum . The main performance speci cations of the HPGe detector were as follows: i) relative at 1.33 MeV 60Co was 35%; ii) FWHM was 875 eV at 122 keV and 1.90 keV at 1332 keV, peak shape (FWTM/FWHM) Consequently, the detailed results should be . This was true with the exception of the reset preamplifiers. Because germanium has relatively low band gap, these detectors must be cooled in order to reduce the thermal generation of charge carriers to an acceptable level. Before counting, The x-ray spectra estimated from the various source energies exhibited a good agreement between experimental and simulation results with a maximum . In addition, self attenuation of the source matrix, the attenuation by the source container and the detector housing materials are considered in the mathematical treatment. Spectrum of Cs137 with NaI(Tl)detector. In addition, efficiency of NaI (TI) detector is better efficiency than HPGe detector. Experimental Methods The output from a gamma ray detector is an amount of electrical charge which is proportional to the amount of . High-purity germanium (HPGe) in some respects is the ideal semiconductor detector material, as it offers outstanding energy resolution (<1% FWHM at 140 keV) and can also be processed into position-sensitive detector configurations (Luke et al., 2000). spacing between S0 and S1 is 3 to 4 eV, the spacing between the upper states is much smaller. HPGe detectors have better energy resolution than NaI(Tl) detectors and suit for the determination of the unknown radionuclide mix composition. Efficiency is a measure of the percentage of radiation that a given detector detects from the overall yield that is emitted from the source into a solid angle of usually 4 in the photo-peak. According to the manufacturer's datasheets, it has an energy resolution of 0.850 keV at 122 keV, 1.8 keV at 1.3 MeV and a relative efficiency of 25% relative to a 3 3 in. First, high-purity or lithium-compensated crystals cannot be made as large as NaI, so it is not possible to make detectors with the same efficiency. if the energy difference between these lines is . These materials were aluminum with density of 2.7 g/cm 3, MgO with density of 3.58 g/cm 3, NaI(Tl) with density of 3.67 g/cm 3, and SiO 2 with density of 2.648 g/cm 3.A screenshot of the modeled NaI(Tl) detector by using MCNP-X code is shown in Figure 1.Due to the simulation process in code, the total simulation . Black line is without discrimination on the second detector and red line is with the discrimination range on the second detector. A semiconductor detector in ionizing radiation detection physics is a device that uses a semiconductor (usually silicon or germanium) to measure the effect of incident charged particles or photons. To simulate the FEPE, a MC model of the p-type HPGe detector (Canberra GC3020) with the relative efficiency of 30% and energy resolution of 2.0 keV at the 1332.5 keV gamma-rays of 60 Co has been developed. The aim of this study is to estimate the intrinsic efficiency and energy resolution of different types of solid-state gamma-ray detectors in order to generate a precise dual-energy x-ray beam from the conventional x-ray tube using external x-ray filters. A comparison of recent results obtained by GEANT 3 and GEANT 4 tools for efficiency calibration of HPGe detectors is presented in . Parts of HPGe Detectors The major drawback of germanium detectors is that they must be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures. This shows the energy resolution of HPGe detector is about 30 times better than NaI (Tl) detector, therefore peaks with few keV photon energy difference can be resolved easily. of lead shielding between source and detector. Typical Resolutions of NaI(Tl) for Different Gamma Energies Isotope Gamma Energy (keV) Resolution (%) 166HO 81 16.19 177Lu 113 13.5 133Te 159 11.5 177Lu 208 10.9 203Hg 279 . . Given the accurate measurement of the X-ray spectrum with the HPGe detector, a dual-energy X-ray spectrum was generated with minimal energy overlap using external X-ray filters. (3): differences(%), between net area of 185.7 KeV using single HpGe detector and shielded array detectors design, versus the distance for all used SNMs samples. The measurements of gamma background radiation differ according to the purpose. So the major characteristics of the HPGe detector are high atomic number . Gamma spectrometry system can be used in a variety of different fields such as radiation and medical physics. Po et. Typical resolution of a HPGe detector is less than 0.2% while it is about 7.5% for a NaI detector. Although there is little difference in detector performance between HPGe and Ge(Li), the maintenance of Ge(Li) is pretty inconvenient, which has made manufacturers stop producing them. To make transmission measurements we placed the NaI and HPGe detectors side by side facing the transmission source. Otherwise, leakage current induced noise destroys the energy resolution of the detector. NaI(Tl). The x-ray spectra estimated from the various source energies exhibited a good agreement between experimental and simulation results with a maximum difference of 6%. (ARD) was expressed as a relative difference between . BGO crystals from Novosibirsk. Otherwise, leakage current induced noise destroys the energy resolution of the detector. The HPGe coaxial detector system was used for the experimental measurements. Conclusion: The experimental measurements and MC simulations of the HPGe detector exhibited close agreement in high-energy resolution estimation of the X-ray spectrum. Also, unlike NaI detectors, HPGe detectors are resistant to information (signal) degradation caused by changes in background radiation, shielding, multiple radionuclide interference, and temperature variations. The new array consists of three sodium iodide (NaI) detectors; one of them is in annular perpendicular position and the others are guards surrounding the main Hyper Pure Germanium Detector (HpGe). NaI (Tl) detector at 1.33 MeV. Instead of conventional human counter using NaI(Tl) scintillator in scanning bed geometry, integrated whole body counter was developed. The transmission source position was 18 inches from the detector faces. Detector Types The most common (not the only) detectors in gamma spectroscopy systems: - Sodium Iodide (NaI) - Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr) 21 Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr) - High Purity Germanium (HPGe) Of these, the HPGe is easily the best. High Purity germanium (HPGe) detectors are found to be suitable for nuclear techniques for measuring radionuclides with very good energy resolution. Impact of detector efficiency and energy resolution on gamma-ray background rejection in mobile spectroscopy and imaging systems Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2015 The uncertainties of the corrected efficiencies for cylindrical sources include additional uncertainties of the matrix effects; the resulting values . . NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors are used for in-situ -ray spectrometry. Table 3: Efficiency parameters for HPGe and NaI(Tl) detectors 8.2. The HPGe detector offers less detection efficiency compared to the NaI (Tl) detector. The . In this study, we used a coaxial HPGe detector made by the company formerly known as Canberra. According to the manufacturer's datasheets, it has an energy resolution of 0.850 keV at 122 keV, 1.8 keV at 1.3 MeV and a relative efficiency of 25% relative to a 3 3 in. @article{osti_6939297, title = {Time characteristics of spectrometer with scintillation and planar detectors based on high-purity germanium}, author = {Morozov, V A}, abstractNote = {To study the time properties of wide-aperture detectors of high-purity germanium (HPGe), the authors built a coincidence spectrometer; one channel used a scintillation detector while the other used a semiconductor . . For a given The Lynx DSA outperforms the DSA-1000 by 48% and 8% when the HPGe detector Results: The simulation results indicated 9.16% energy resolution for the HPGe detector wherein the full width- at-half-maximum (FWHM) of the energy resolution for the HPGe detector was about 1/3rd of the other inorganic detectors. 232 Th, and 40 K using an in-situ HPGe detector and NaI(Tl) detector in vehicle survey system. Scintillation Counters. A new analytical approach for calculation of the full-energy peak efficiency of NaI (Tl) is deduced. Two sets of p-type arrayed planar HPGe detectors composed of two crystals are used for lungs, and two sets of p-type high . Results are compared with those measured by two cylindrical NaI (Tl) detectors with Resolution (FWHM) at 662 keV equal to . Expressed as a percent, the resolution of a good NaI (Tl) detector should be about 7-8%. The simulation results indicated a 9.16% energy resolution for the HPGe detector wherein the FWHM of the energy resolution for the HPGe detector was about 1/3rd of the other inorganic detectors. Conclusion All compounds and pure materials of detector were defined in the MC input file. Using N O, N T and other quantities, we have determined the neutron flux and it comes out to be 1.2 n/cm2 second. 8.2. The measured FWHM of HPGe and NaI(Tl) detector at 1332 keV photon energy is 1.9 and 55 keV, respectively. The 2nd subscript denotes the fine structure level. . The difference between the two techniques was less than 1% for 232 Th and 40 K, while it was within 15% for 226 Ra, due the effect of radon in the case of the in-situ technique 4, 5, 11. . The time difference between the coincident decays of two successive states was measured using fast-timing electronics.
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